JBRA Assist. Reprod. 2017;21 (1):01
EDITORIAL
doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20170001
1Center for Human Reproduction Prof Franco Jr
Even with the endogenous defense mechanisms present in oocytes and embryos, disturbances in embryonic culture processes may lead to an increased generation and buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in culture media. This fact may be associated with various degrees of cellular damage (e.g. membrane disturbances, DNA fragmentation, etc.). Consequently, embryonic fragmentation, apoptosis, or even slowness or interruption of embryonic development is frequently seen. ROS may stem directly from gametes and embryos or in the environment in which they are found. The exposure of oocytes and embryos to xenobiotic agents, changes in metabolic substrate concentrations, and traces of transition elements favor the generation of ROS during in vitro culture/manipulation. High concentrations of oxygen is also listed as a harmful factor in this process.
Human and other mammalian embryos have traditionally been grown under atmospheric oxygen tension (~20%). However, experimental studies in several species of mammals have shown that the O2 concentration in the uterus and fallopian tubes generally fluctuates between 2-8%. Considering that such physiological hypoxia also exists in the human female genital tract, a reduction in oxygen levels could have important implications in laboratory practice. As with animal reports, beneficial effects of reduced levels of O2 were also detected in laboratory studies with humans, including a higher rate of embryonic development to the blastocyst stage, a faster cleavage rate, increased blastulation rate, Increase in the number of blastocysts and in the number of cryopreserved blastocysts, in addition to an increase in the ratio of high quality blastocysts. Regarding clinical outcomes, some studies have reported an increase in implantation rates, pregnancy rates, births and live births with low laboratory concentrations of O2 compared to its atmospheric concentrations. On the other hand, some randomized studies failed to obtain these positive results. As the results are conflicting, definitive conclusions to date cannot be drawn from individual studies.
However meta-analyzes on the subject did not show important evidence. A meta-analysis performed by our group (Gomes Sobrinho et al., 2011) concluded that, despite some promising results, additional randomized controlled trials are mandatory. A Cochrane Review (Bontekoe et al., 2012) suggests that culturing embryos under low oxygen concentrations improves the success rates of IVF and ICSI, resulting in the birth of more healthy newborns. However the methodological quality of the included trials was relatively low, and thus larger, multicenter clinical trials are needed to "get a better weighted overall view on the treatment effects of embryo culture under low oxygen concentrations in assisted reproductive technologies." A recent meta-analysis (Nastri et al., 2016) reaches the same conclusions 5 years after the first meta-analyzes, that despite small improvements with ~ 5% O2 in live birth/ongoing pregnancy and clinical pregnancy rates, the evidence is of very low quality and the best interpretation is that we are still very uncertain about differences found in this comparison.
Therefore, if the culture of human oocytes and embryos in low concentrations of oxygen can actually improve the clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction cycles, is a question that still requires more data. The current question is who would be willing to answer this question with randomized trials instead of new meta-analyses.
REFERENCES
Bontekoe S, Mantikou E, van Wely M, Repping S, Mastenbroek S. Low oxygen concentrations for embryo culture in assisted reproductive technologies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD008950.
Medline Crossref
Gomes Sobrinho DB, Oliveira JB, Petersen CG, Mauri AL, Silva LF, Massaro FC, Baruffi RL, Caragna M, Franco JG Jr. IVF/ICSI outcomes after culture of human embryos at low oxygen tension: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011;9:143.
Medline Crossref
Nastri CO, Nóbrega BN, Teixeira DM, Amorim J, Diniz LMM, Barbosa MW, Giorgi VS, Pileggi VN, Martins WP. Low versus atmospheric oxygen tension for embryo culture in assisted reproduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2016;106:95-104.
Medline Crossref